Advanced Phonograms
The Advanced Phonograms unlock thousands of words that the 75 basic English phonograms cannot explain. Advanced phonograms are used only in a very small percentage of our words or only in advanced and technical vocabulary. These phonograms often came to English from Old English or other languages.
Advanced Phonogram | Sound | Origin | Example Words |
pn | /n/ | Greek | pneumonia, pneumatic |
cu | /k/ | French | biscuit, cuisine |
xi | /ksh/ | Latin | anxious, obnoxious |
mb | /m/ | Old English | bomb, lamb |
Advanced phonograms are not meant to be drilled, as they are not a requirement for basic reading proficiency. For students who have already mastered the basic phonograms and the concept of how phonograms work, understanding the advanced phonograms is not difficult. Students who come across an unfamiliar advanced phonogram in reading or spelling typically recognize that the phonogram is making a sound they have not learned before and do not struggle because of their understanding of how English works.
Many students will benefit from studying the etymology or origin of words because advanced phonograms give clues to the pronunciation and spelling of unknown words.